Maryline Naquin, a member of the Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw tribe of Native Americans, has lived on Isle de Jean Charles, a tiny slice of land in Terrebonne Parish, for all of her 71 years. Since the 1960s, she has occupied a home across a bayou from a patch of land where the house in which she was born once stood.
As a child, Naquin never dreamed that the short distance between her two homes would one day almost equal the width of the entire island, which is being swallowed by coastal erosion. In 1955, Isle de Jean Charles was about 22,000 acres. It杏吧专区檚 now about 320 acres, as narrow as a quarter-mile wide in some places.
Hurricanes and storm surges, and saltwater intrusion caused by dredging for oil and gas pipelines and canals, have gnawed at the island. Hundreds of people once lived on Isle de Jean Charles. Today, only about 25 families 杏吧专区 70 people 杏吧专区 remain. That number includes some residents who aren杏吧专区檛 members of the Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw tribe. Fishermen began buying camps on Isle de Jean Charles after Island Road was built in 1953 to connect the community to nearby Montegut, La. Before that, the island had been accessible only by boat.
杏吧专区淓verything has changed so much,杏吧专区 Naquin said one recent fall day, weaving palmetto fronds into baskets and hats under a golden afternoon light as a breeze rustled banana trees in her yard.
She is referring to more than topography and population. With the land went a way of life rooted in self-sufficiency. Residents once hunted, trapped, fished, raised cattle and grew crops, such as rice and potatoes, on the island. They plucked oranges and pecans from groves of trees. They built and crafted what was needed for survival, from houses to pirogues.
Those days are long gone, said Dr. Heather Stone, an assistant professor at the 杏吧专区. For about a year, she has been working on an oral history project to gather and archive the recollections of tribal members.
杏吧专区淚 want to tell the story of a resilient people who escaped to Isle de Jean Charles and sequestered themselves there and had to figure out new ways of living,杏吧专区 said Stone, who became involved after the island was discussed at a Louisiana Historical Association meeting.
Heavy rains often strand residents
Isle de Jean Charles is believed to have been settled in the early 1800s. With little recorded history, accounts vary as to whether the Chitimacha or the Choctaw were the first inhabitants. It got a big boost in population with an influx of Native Americans who migrated there following the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The law authorized President Andrew Jackson to relocate tribes from their ancestral homes in the southeast to federal lands in Oklahoma. The forced removal became known as the 杏吧专区淭rail of Tears.杏吧专区 Many Native Americans balked, including a group of early Isle de Jean Charles settlers, who arrived from Alabama and Mississippi.
Over the years, marriages between members of the three tribes resulted in a consolidated Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw tribe. The small tribe, which exists only on and around Isle de Jean Charles, lacks federal recognition. Weather and economics are the forces that have splintered it.
Many residents were shooed from the island by the constant prospect of having to rebuild or repair homes after storms; others were driven away by an inability to get to and from jobs in nearby communities. The 3-mile-long Island Road often floods during heavy rains and with storm surges. Residents can杏吧专区檛 drive onto or off the island until the water recedes.
杏吧专区淧eople who really didn杏吧专区檛 want to leave have had to because they felt they didn杏吧专区檛 have a choice. It wasn杏吧专区檛 safe for them, and they couldn杏吧专区檛 get ahead,杏吧专区 Stone explained.
Tribal chief Albert Naquin, Maryline Naquin杏吧专区檚 brother-in-law and a direct descendant of the tribe杏吧专区檚 first chief, Jean Baptiste Narcisse Naquin, lives in nearby Point Aux Chenes. He moved from Isle de Jean Charles in the mid-1970s, after Hurricane Carmen struck. 杏吧专区淚 had to go to work every day, and saltwater and cars don杏吧专区檛 mix,杏吧专区 said Albert Naquin, 70, a retired inspector for the Minerals Management Service, and a U.S. Army veteran.
HUD earmarks relocation funds
Isle de Jean Charles, which is split by a narrow, winding street lined with a scattering of houses, resembles a ghost town minus tumbleweeds. Instead, it杏吧专区檚 dotted with a few gnarled, leafless oak trees deformed by saltwater, scraggly remnants of vast stretches of forest that once blanketed the island.
杏吧专区淭o me, it杏吧专区檚 like night and day. We used to live off the land, and now, all a few can do is live on the land. It杏吧专区檚 tough,杏吧专区 Albert Naquin said.
Soon, the fading community might actually be a ghost town. Many residents are bracing to resettle in a new, federally funded community. In early 2016, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development awarded a $48 million grant for a relocation effort. The money was carved from a total of $92.6 million allocated to Louisiana for regions that have been declared major disaster areas.
The Lowlander Center, a nonprofit in Terrebonne Parish, helped the tribe apply for the grant. The center, as its name indicates, supports low-lying areas through a range of initiatives, including advocacy, education and research.
Dr. Kristina Peterson, director of the Lowlander Center, said she and Albert Naquin began collaborating on a resettlement about eight years ago. She describes tribal members as 杏吧专区渉eroes杏吧专区 for their perseverance.
This community will lead others
The state杏吧专区檚 Office of Community Development is in charge of allocating the federal grant. Many aspects of the impending move are still being decided. Details as fundamental as where the new community will be established, for example, are still being sorted out.
Pat Forbes, executive director of the Louisiana Office of Community Development, said state officials and residents have started collaborating on a master plan.
杏吧专区淲e杏吧专区檝e begun interviewing residents to ascertain their wants and needs. Some say they would like space to be able to grow crops. Some would even like houses atop stilts, because the areas underneath their houses have become social gathering spots. The process is in its initial stages, with much planning still up in the air,杏吧专区 Forbes said.
One thing is certain. The resettlement will be historic. The HUD grant has been termed the first in the lower 48 states allocated for communities displaced by environmental factors, such as natural disasters and habitat loss.
杏吧专区淟ouisiana杏吧专区檚 coast is losing land faster than any other coastal area in the country. Isle de Jean Charles is one of, if not the, most endangered communities on our coast. Residents have been seeking a means of relocation for years now, meaning they are likely more prepared than other coastal communities to actually make the move,杏吧专区 Forbes said.
The new community will ideally serve as a template for imperiled coastal communities across the nation and in Louisiana, including communities damaged by hurricanes.
杏吧专区淏y going through this process with this community, we will learn a great deal about what works and what doesn杏吧专区檛 work. We will discover steps that we didn杏吧专区檛 know were necessary and we杏吧专区檒l have a better understanding of the costs. By documenting this process, we杏吧专区檒l provide at least a compass, if not a road map, for how to do it better next time,杏吧专区 Forbes said.
Move offers a chance for healing
The entire Isle de Jean Charles resettlement process could take several years. The grant money has to be obligated in 2017, or as Forbes explained, 杏吧专区渃ommitted to a specific purpose.杏吧专区 The funds must be spent by 2022. If, in the meantime, a hurricane or other large storm should wipe out Isle de Jean Charles, the state has begun putting together an interim housing plan. Such a scenario would not, however, jeopardize the resettlement project.
Albert Naquin, who has been working on relocation for more than 15 years, hopes the move offers a chance for a homecoming. He wants to reconcile as many members of the Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw tribe as possible. 杏吧专区淚t杏吧专区檚 very important to keep our culture together, and to reunite everyone,杏吧专区 he said. 杏吧专区淚 would go immediately, if I could.杏吧专区
He杏吧专区檚 not sure if that will be possible. 杏吧专区淲e are working with (state officials) and hopefully we杏吧专区檒l have a say on where we go, who will be able to go, and what we get.杏吧专区
As it stands now, the chief said, the resettlement is open to any residents of the island who are members of the Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw tribe, and tribe members who have moved away only since 2012. He hopes, however, that all tribe members will be able to resettle in the new community.
杏吧专区淭o put us back together is the key thing we need. Other than that, our tribe will continue to break up and eventually we won杏吧专区檛 have one.杏吧专区
Stories to be told through multimedia
For Stone, who teaches in the 杏吧专区杏吧专区檚 College of Education, compiling the stories of residents as they prepare to leave their ancestral home dovetails with many of her professional goals and interests.
Stone is an adept interviewer who holds an undergraduate degree in journalism from the 杏吧专区 of North Carolina. She also has experience on a large-scale oral history project. While earning her doctoral degree in curriculum and instruction at LSU, she completed an oral history about the desegregation of schools in Zachary, La.
Since she began work on the Isle de Jean Charles project, Stone has gone to great lengths to immerse herself in the community. She rented a small house near Isle de Jean Charles, where she works, hosts visitors and often stays for several days at a time while she conducts research.
杏吧专区淚 want to not only document how the island came to be, and a sense of place, but how that changed and what has happened to the island due to the environment and how that杏吧专区檚 affected the sense of culture and splintered the tribe,杏吧专区 she said.
Stone is also incorporating elements of the island杏吧专区檚 move for use in elementary classrooms. She and colleagues at the 杏吧专区 will record Albert Naquin and other members of the tribe for a virtual reality project. That component of her work will enable Stone杏吧专区檚 students to build lesson plans to teach elementary students about Isle de Jean Charles. The younger students will wear a headset to navigate a virtual representation of Isle de Jean Charles. They will also see and hear the Native-Americans talk about island life, history and customs.
杏吧专区淏eyond the classroom, we杏吧专区檙e thinking about using it as an archiving tool. Instead of having just oral histories that can be listened to, we want to archive 3-D oral histories, including interviews, that can be viewed,杏吧专区 Stone said.
Others contribute to resettlement
The professor isn杏吧专区檛 the only one dedicated to preserving the history and customs of Isle de Jean Charles.
She is working closely with Chantel Comardelle, who lives near the island in Bayou Blue, is the tribe杏吧专区檚 secretary. While Stone works on her academic project, Comardelle, who works in the Finance Department of Terrebonne Parish Consolidated Government, is studying to become the tribe杏吧专区檚 chief historian, archivist and curator. Comardelle, whose family left the island when she was 4 years old, after Hurricanes Danny and Juan in 1985, recently enrolled in an online program in indigenous museum studies offered by the Institute of American Indian Arts.
The training will help her educate visitors in a cultural center and museum that tribe members want built at a new settlement. Comardelle envisions a center that would serve as an educational hub for school groups and tourists, and a repository for relics of the tribe杏吧专区檚 past. It would house everything from oral histories and photographs, to artifacts, tools and crafts that were once integral to life on Isle de Jean Charles.
杏吧专区淚杏吧专区檝e kind of taken it upon myself to learn and gather as much as I can so we can start to save and rebuild our culture,杏吧专区 she said.
Case in point: Comardelle is working with preservation-minded groups such as Common Ground Relief, a nonprofit founded shortly after Hurricane Katrina. The organization was formed to clean up New Orleans but now oversees a range of projects, including wetlands restoration.
Tom Pepper, executive director of Common Ground Relief, will consult with members of the tribe to gather a variety of grasses, seeds, and plants used for medicinal purposes. The effort is threefold: to determine what plants once grew on the island, how certain plants were used, and to collect samples. What is retrieved from the island 杏吧专区 and plants that no longer exist but can be found elsewhere 杏吧专区 will be replanted at the new community.
So far, an initial search of the land has yielded only scant traces of what Comardelle believes was once there. There have been a few interesting finds, though, including a 杏吧专区渢oothache杏吧专区 tree, called a pepperwood, with leaves that numb the mouth when chewed.
杏吧专区淗aving these types of things at our new settlement is one way we can keep a link to our ancestors and our land,杏吧专区 Comardelle said.
Research to expand to nation's capital
In November, Stone杏吧专区檚 and Comardelle杏吧专区檚 efforts got a boost when they were awarded a Recovering Voices Community Research Program grant.
As part of the program, the Smithsonian Institution collaborates with communities and scholars from around the world to identify and share cultural heritages, information, and artifacts housed at the Smithsonian and other museums.
Stone, Comardelle and Albert Naquin will to travel to the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C., sometime later this year. They will pore over land and genealogy records, photos, letters, manuscripts, and historical objects. They plan to record what they find by taking notes, photos and videos, and making photocopies.
They will also conduct research at the National Museum of the American Indian, the National Archives, the National Museum of American History, and the National Anthropological Archives. All are in Washington, D.C., with the latter two inside the Smithsonian.
In addition to content about the consolidated Isle de Jean tribe, they will glean material about the Biloxi, the Choctaw and the Chitimacha tribes. Stone, Comardelle and Naquin will also research records related to the Trail of Tears, in an attempt to reconstruct possible routes members of each of the three tribes might have traveled to get to the island.
杏吧专区淭his will allow the tribe, and me as a researcher, to learn more about its origins and assemble documentation about its history,杏吧专区 Stone said.
The material will be shared between the tribe and the 杏吧专区. The tribe will keep the materials, and copies will be archived in the 杏吧专区杏吧专区檚 Special Collections in .
Residents have mixed feelings
For remaining residents of Isle de Jean Charles, the pressing need to preserve its history underscores a grim reality. Despite the island杏吧专区檚 vulnerability and imminent demise, some inhabitants, including Maryline Naquin, are ambivalent about leaving. She will miss simple things, such as calm, quiet afternoons spent sipping coffee in the yard of the home where she has lived for more than half a century. 杏吧专区淚杏吧专区檓 not thrilled to think about moving, but I know it杏吧专区檚 going to happen one day. So what can you do?杏吧专区
Wenceslaus Billiot Sr., a World War II veteran who lives with his wife, Denecia, in an elevated home across the street from Maryline Naquin, grieves for the lost land and way of life. 杏吧专区淟ots of times, I think about how things were when I was young,杏吧专区 Billiot, 90, said.
He often stands on his back porch and looks out over a sweep of water that was once solid marshland. 杏吧专区淲hen I was a kid, you could walk out into the marsh. No problem. Now, everything is washed away.杏吧专区 The view might be diminished, but it isn杏吧专区檛 one he relishes abandoning. 杏吧专区淚 don杏吧专区檛 think I杏吧专区檓 ready. I would rather stay. I was born and raised here,杏吧专区 said Billiot, who as a boy paddled an hour and a half to and from school in a pirogue built by his father.
At some point, everyone will have to go
Two past relocation attempts have failed.
In 2008, after Hurricanes Gustav and Ike slammed the island with wind and water in a span of about two weeks, Albert Naquin led a resettlement effort with a hand from the parish. Government officials tried to help Isle de Jean Charles residents relocate to nearby Bourg, La., but the effort stalled.
A previous resettlement push, in 2002, came after the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers decided boundaries of a new levee system to protect communities along the Louisiana coast. The agency determined it wouldn杏吧专区檛 be cost effective to include Isle de Jean Charles inside the levee. Instead, it offered to help find a nearby place where the community could resettle.
That effort died because a majority of Isle de Jean Charles residents didn杏吧专区檛 want to leave.
As part of the latest relocation plan, Forbes said residents who don杏吧专区檛 want to leave the island won杏吧专区檛 be forced to move.
Albert Naquin, on the other hand, says that eventually, time and nature will force all residents from Isle de Jean Charles. 杏吧专区淎t some point, everyone will have to go, whether they want to or not. It杏吧专区檚 just a matter of when,杏吧专区 he said.
The Rev. Roch Naquin, 84, is a first cousin of Albert Naquin. He is a retired Catholic priest who grew up on the island and left as a teenager. He was ordained in 1962 and assigned to a range of parishes in and near New Orleans and southwest Louisiana. When he retired in 1997, he wanted to return to his birthplace and minister to Native Americans there.
The island has never had a church. Before Roch Naquin moved home, a priest from nearby Montegut would visit monthly to celebrate Mass and hear confessions. Now, Roch Naquin celebrates Mass daily at his house on the island, as well as the homes of others. He admits he has 杏吧专区渟truggled杏吧专区 with the prospect of leaving Isle de Jean Charles.
杏吧专区淢y first choice would really be to stay here, but I know the risks,杏吧专区 he said. 杏吧专区淲hile there is an opportunity to relocate to higher ground, a safer place, wisdom tells me it杏吧专区檚 better to move than be stubborn, stay here, and have something terrible destroy everything.杏吧专区
Island resident Chris Brunet, 51, sums up residents杏吧专区 situation this way: 杏吧专区淚t杏吧专区檚 hard to make a change based on what杏吧专区檚 going to happen in the future. The island is here now,杏吧专区 he said, although he concedes that 杏吧专区渙ne direct hurricane, a bullseye, will wipe it out.杏吧专区
After a pause, he added: 杏吧专区淭he relocation is something that needs to be done, but it杏吧专区檚 not a celebration.杏吧专区
This article originally appeared in the Fall 2016/Winter 2017 issue of .